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To provide optimal performance of a small DI diesel in relation to noise, emissions and fuel economy, an experimental investigation was carried out using Taguchi methods. A single cylinder 3.5 kW diesel was selected for performance test at different engine speeds, loads and static injection timings. These controlled parameters were varied at three levels and the resulting changes in response variables viz. engine noise, smoke, HC, NOx, CO, CO2 emissions and fuel economy (b.s.f.c) were observed. The levels for low noise, smoke, emissions and b.s.f.c could be predicted and relevant combination of controlled parameters specified. Confirmation engine runs were carried out and the results showed good agreement with the predicted optimized quantities of interest based on Taguchi analysis. The effect of engine parameters to the above responses was evaluated in terms of percent contributions by using analysis of variance.

Effective 1st April 2023, India's automotive emissions regulation has shifted from BS-VI Stage-1 to BS-VI Stage-2 standard the after-treatment systems need to demonstrate robust performance not just on the cycle, but also to demonstrate emissions for on-road Real Driving Emission (RDE) conditions. A stringent On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) strategy to monitor the real-time emission levels along with compliance Road Driving Emissions (RDEs) are focus areas for BS VI Stage-2 emission legislation. The maximum speed on MIDC is 90km/h in BS-VI Stage-1, Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)+Selective Catalyst Reduction Filter (SCRF®) was able to meet legislation at the lab, and now with the RDE cycle max speed of the vehicles under the M1 category <3.5 T will have the max permitted legal limit shall surpass 100 km/h for not around 3% of the span in the third phase of driving cycle for which max speed is up to 120 km/h.

A 3-D analysis of the flow through a multihole, V.C.O. (Valve Covered Orifice) nozzle for D.I. Diesel Engine has been carried out. The analysis was performed by means of a finite element code. The nozzle comprises five injection holes. Aims of the analysis were: the investigation of the pressure drops along the conical clearance between the needle and the nozzle; the evaluation of the energy losses in the injection holes; the disclosure of the velocity profile at the injection hole outlets. the differences of flowrate for each hole with geometrical asymmetries. This kind of analisys is the first step of a more complete spray analysis; in fact, the spray from an injection hole is influenced by the injection pressure and the velocity profile. In particular, the needle lift and the needle tip deviation have been parametrized. The analysis betters both the theoretical knowledge of this kind of nozzle and the hydraulic phenomena occurring inside.

A 3-dimensional numerical study has been conducted investigating the combustion process in a VW 1.9l TDI Diesel engine. Simulations were performed modeling the spray injection of a 5-hole Diesel injector in a pressure chamber. A graphical methodology was utilized to match the spray resulting from the widely used Discrete Droplet Spray model to pressure chamber spray images. Satisfactory agreement has been obtained regarding the simulated and experimental spray penetration and cone angles. Thereafter, the combustion process in the engine was simulated. Using engine measurements to initialize the combustion chamber conditions, the compression stroke, the spray injection and the combustion simulation was performed. The novel RTZF two-zone flamelet combustion model was used for the combustion simulation and was tested for partial load operating conditions. An objective analysis of the model is presented including the results of a numerical parameter study.

Until recently, the application of the detailed chemistry approach as a predictive tool for engine modeling has been sort of a “taboo” for different reasons, mainly because of an exaggerated rigor to the chemistry/turbulence interaction modeling. In terms of this ideology, if the interaction cannot be simulated properly, the detailed chemistry approach makes no sense. The novelty of the proposed methodology is the coupling of a generalized partially stirred reactor, PaSR, model with the high efficiency numerics to treat detailed oxidation kinetics of hydrocarbon fuels. In terms of this approach, chemical processes are assumed to proceed in two successive steps: the reaction follows after the micro-mixing is completed on a sub-grid scale.

An investigation of the possibility to extend the 3-dimensional modeling capabilities from conventional diesel to the HCCI combustion mode simulation was carried out. Experimental data was taken from a single cylinder engine operating with early injections for the HCCI and a split-injection (early pilot+main) for the high speed Diesel engine operation. To properly phase the HCCI mode in the experiments, high amounts of cooled EGR and a decreased compression ratio were used. In numerical simulation performed using KIVA3-V code, modified to incorporate the Detailed Chemistry Approach the same conditions were reproduced. Special attention is paid on the analysis of the events leading up to the auto-ignition, which was reasonably well predicted.

Manufacturers of heavy-duty diesel engines are facing increasingly stringent, emission standards. These standards have motivated new research efforts towards improving the performance of diesel engines. The objective of the present program is to develop a comprehensive analytical model of the diesel combustion process that can be used to explore the influence of design changes. This will enable industry to predict the effect of these changes on engine performance and emissions. A major benefit of the successful implementation of such models is that engine development time and costs would be reduced through their use. The computer model is based on the three-dimensional KIVA-II code, with state-of-the-art submodels for spray atomization, drop breakup / coalescence, multi-component fuel vaporization, spray/wall interaction, ignition and combustion, wall heat transfer, unburned HC and NOx formation, and soot and radiation.

Ever increasing specific power of diesel engines has put huge demand on effective thermal management of the pistons for the desired reliability and durability. The piston temperature control is commonly achieved by injecting cooling oil into piston galleries, but the design of the cooling system as well as the boundary conditions used in FEA simulations have so far relied mostly on empirical methods. A numerical procedure using 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has therefore been developed to simulate the cooling process and to estimate the cooling efficiency of gallery. The model is able to predict the detailed oil flow and heat transfer in gallery, of different designs and engine applications, under dynamic conditions. The resulted spatially resolved heat transfer coefficient from the CFD model, with better accuracy, enables improved prediction of piston temperature in finite element analysis (FEA).

Exhaust gas recirculation technology is one of the main methods to reduce engine emissions. The pressure of the intake pipe of turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine is high, and it is difficult to realize EGR technology. The application of Venturi tube can easily solve this problem. In this paper, the working principle of guide-injection Venturi tube is introduced, the EGR system and structure of a turbocharged diesel engine using the guide-injection Venturi tube are studied. According to the working principle of EGR system of turbocharged diesel engine, the model of guide-injection Venturi tube is established, the calculation grid is divided, and it is carried out by using Computational Fluid Dynamics method that the three-dimensional numerical simulation of the internal flow of Venturi tube under different EGR rates injection.

CuO-water nanofluids was utilized as heat transfer medium in the cooling system of the diesel engine. By using CFD-Fluent software, for 0.5%, 1%, 3% and 5% mass concentration of nanofluids, 3-dimensional numerical simulation about flow and heat transfer process in the cooling system of engine was actualized. According to stochastic particle tracking in turbulent flow, for solid-liquid two phase flow discrete phase, the moving track of nanoparticles was traced. By this way, for CuO nanoparticles of different mass concentration nanofliuds in the cooling jacket of diesel engine, the results of the concentration distribution, velocity distribution, internal energy variation, resident time, total heat transfer and variation of total pressure reduction between inlet and outlet were ascertained.

The design of engine intake system affects the intake uniformity of each cylinder of the engine, which in turn has an important impact on the engine performance, the uniform distribution of EGR exhaust gas and the combustion process of each cylinder. In this paper, the constant-pressure supercharged diesel engine intake pipe is used as the research model to study the intake air flow unevenness of the intake pipe of the supercharged diesel engine. The pressure boundary condition at the outlet of each intake manifold is set as the dynamic pressure change condition. The three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transient flow process in the intake manifold of diesel engine is simulated and analyzed by using numerical method, and the change of the Intake air flow field in the intake manifold under different working conditions during the intake overlapping period is discussed.

In the research of DME compression ignition engine, there are a lot of reports on the high fuel pressure systems which are used in the common-rail fuel injector and others for the DME mixture formation promotion. However, the initial development-cost of these fuel supply systems will be increased for small compression ignition engines. On the other hand, it has been understood that excellent thermal efficiency of DME compression ignition engine was obtained at the appropriate fuel injection timing by using the electronic controlled injector with low pressure injection. In this paper, the stabilization of combustion on DME compression ignition engine with low pressure injection was investigated for the influence of the fuel pressure and the combustion assistance with homogeneous charge.

A detailed reaction mechanism for the combustion of biodiesel fuels has recently been developed by Westbrook and co-workers. This detailed mechanism involves 5037 species and 19990 reactions, which prohibits its direct use in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) applications. In the present work, various mechanism reduction methods included in the Reaction Workbench software were used to derive a semi-detailed biodiesel combustion mechanism, while maintaining the accuracy of the master mechanism for a desired set of engine conditions. The reduced combustion mechanism for a five-component biodiesel fuel was employed in the FORTÉ CFD simulation package to take advantage of advanced chemistry solver methodologies and advanced spray models. Simulations were performed for a Volvo D12C heavy diesel engine fueled by RME fuel using a 72° sector mesh. Predictions were validated against measured in-cylinder parameters and exhaust emission concentrations.

Multidimensional computations are carried out to aid in the development of a direct injection Diesel engine. Intake, compression, injection and combustion processes are calculated for a turbo-charged direct injection Diesel engine with a single intake valve. The effects of engine speed and engine load, as well as the influence of exhaust gas recirculation are compared to experimental measurements. The influence of piston bowl shape is investigated. Three dimensional calculations are performed using a mesh built from the complete CAD definition of the engine, intake port, cylinder and piston bowl. The injection characteristics are found to be of primary importance in the control of the combustion process. At a given injection set, piston bowl shape can be optimized for fluid dynamic and combustion.

High speed photographs of spray and combustion, obtained from a Hydra direct injection research diesel engine are compared with the predictions made by KIVA-3 computer code. The preprocessor has been modified to generate a grid for an offset bowl and the postprocessor has been extensively reprogrammed to obtain contour maps. The model has been tuned to low load at 2000rpm. Then the predictive capability of the model has been verified at other operating conditions. Predicted results show very good agreement with the experimental data.

Recently the analysis of air-fuel mixing and combustion has become important under the stringent emissions regulations of diesel engines. In the case of gasoline engines, the KIVA computer program has been developed and used for the analysis of combustion. In this paper, the calculations of combustion phenomena in DI diesel engines are performed by modifying the KIVA program so as to be applicable to multi-hole nozzles and arbitrary patterns of injection rate. The thermophysical and ther-mochemical properties of gasoline are altered to those diesel fuel. In order to investigate the ability of this modified program, the calculations are compared with the experiments on single cylinder engines concerning the pressure, flame temperature and mass change of chemical species in cylinders. Furthermore, the calculation for the heavy duty DI diesel engine is performed with this diesel combustion program.

The present work addresses the possibility to correctly simulate Partial Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (PHCCI) combustion, obtained by the application of EGR up to 60% without using detailed kinetic models. In particular, the laminar and turbulent time characteristic model has been analyzed and improved. The study illustrates the prediction capabilities that can be achieved with such an approach. The paper reports the results obtained from the simulation of a single cylinder research engine and a four-cylinder diesel engine to verify the validity of the proposed method independently of engine geometry and configuration. All numerical results are compared with experimental pressure traces and rates of heat release, as well as with NOx and soot emissions over a wide range of operating conditions. With the modified characteristic time model, realistic simulations of engine combustion up to EGR values of about 60% have been obtained for both engines.

The present paper reports the results of the numerical simulations carried out by means of a modified version of the KIVA-3V code and of the comparison with experimental results obtained by using different optical techniques in a single-cylinder optically accessible diesel engine. The engine is equipped with a commercial four valves cylinder head and a second-generation, Common-Rail injection system. A detailed kinetic model consisting of 283 reactions involving 69 species is applied to simulate the combustion process and the soot and NOx formation. The fuel surrogate model consisting of two constituent components, n-heptane and toluene, approximating the physical and ignition properties of the diesel oil, is considered. The Partially Stirred Reactor (PaSR) assumption is adopted to maintain the computational cost within acceptable limits.

Particulate Matter (PM) filters are becoming a standard component of Diesel engines exhaust aftertreatment devices to comply with the forthcoming engine emission regulations. However, cost reduction and durability are still critical issues in particular for the integration of the PM-filter with other components of the after-treatment system (e.g. pre-turbo-catalyst, close-coupled-catalyst, PM-filter, SCR). To respect functional (available temperature and gas composition) and space restraints, very complex shapes may result from the design causing tortuous flow patterns and influencing the flow distribution into the PM-filter. Uneven soot distributions in the filter may cause a non-homogeneous development of filter regeneration, leading to failures, for example due to the occurrence of large temperature gradients during the oxidation of soot deposits.

An improved version of the ECFM-3Z combustion model coupled with advanced models for NO and soot formation has been implemented in the CFD code FIRE and validated with respect to its applicability to conventional and alternative Diesel combustion. For this purpose the set of models was applied to the calculation of combustion and pollutant formation in a high-speed DI Diesel engine for selected operating points adopting a large number of DoE based combustion system parameter variations. Assessment of the models' performance was enabled via comparison of the calculation results with the corresponding experimental data. Good agreement of calculated and measured in-cylinder pressure traces as well as pollutant formation trends could be observed for both the conventional and alternative Diesel combustion modes for the investigated parameter variations.